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Seasonal Depression

Seasonal Depression, also called Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), is a condition that affects people during specific seasons of the year. It is estimated that 4% - 6% of Americans suffer from SAD. In addition, it is estimated that 10% - 20% suffer from a mild form of "winter blues." Inexplicability, three-fourths of all SAD sufferers are women, most of whom are under 50 years of age. Children and adolescents also experience SAD, but at lower rates. The elderly are least likely to experience SAD.

Most cases of SAD begin in the fall and winter months and end in the spring or summer. This is generally considered winter SAD. However, there is a rare form of SAD that is called summer SAD and it begins in the spring or summer and ends in the fall or winter.

Interestingly, seasonal depression is more common in geographic areas that experience more extreme seasonal changes. Areas that are at higher latitudes, and therefore further from the equator, experience these extreme seasonal changes. It has been noted that nearly 10% of the residents in Alaska suffer from SAD as contrasted with only 1% of the residents of Florida.

Symptoms of Seasonal Depression

Individuals who suffer from SAD exhibit many of the common symptoms of depression. However, there are some symptoms that tend to be more specific to SAD.

Causes of Seasonal Depression

The exact cause of seasonal depression is not known but a strong theory states that it is caused by the changes in the availability and exposure to sunlight. The theory also states that the human biological clock that regulates mood, sleep and hormones is delayed by decreased exposure to sunlight.

Another theory focuses on the brain chemicals (neurotransmitters) that transmit information between brain cells. This theory states that decreased exposure to sunlight will create an imbalance in these chemicals.

Treatment

Researchers have found that light therapy (phototherapy) is an effective treatment for SAD. Beginning treatment uses a fluorescent light box with an intensity of 10,000 Lux for 30 minutes. The ultraviolet rays are blocked, usually with a plastic screen. In general, light therapy is considered safe with few side-effects. The possible side-effects, usually minor, are eye strain, headache, irritability, and insomnia. Improvements in patients have been seen in as little as 2-4 days.

Sometimes doctors will also prescribe antidepressant drugs for patients with SAD. These drugs may be the only treatment method or may be used in combination with light therapy.

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